Medical Flashcards
Heart Valve Diseases
Mitral Stenosis
Narrowing of the mitral valve opening
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Mitral Stenosis
- Causes: Rheumatic heart disease (most common), calcification, congenital
- Symptoms: Dyspnea, fatigue, palpitations, hemoptysis, orthopnea
- Signs: Loud S1, opening snap, diastolic rumble, left atrial enlargement
- Diagnosis: Echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, ECG
- Treatment: Medical therapy, percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, surgical commissurotomy, valve replacement
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Mitral Regurgitation
Backflow of blood through the mitral valve
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Mitral Regurgitation
- Causes: Primary (valve prolapse, rheumatic disease, endocarditis), Secondary (LV dilation, ischemic heart disease)
- Symptoms: Shortness of breath, fatigue, palpitations, pulmonary edema
- Signs: Holosystolic murmur at apex radiating to axilla, S3 gallop
- Diagnosis: Echocardiography, cardiac MRI, cardiac catheterization
- Treatment: Medical therapy (ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers), valve repair or replacement surgery
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Tricuspid Stenosis
Narrowing of the tricuspid valve opening
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Tricuspid Stenosis
- Causes: Rheumatic heart disease (most common), carcinoid syndrome, congenital, iatrogenic
- Symptoms: Fatigue, ascites, peripheral edema, hepatomegaly, decreased exercise tolerance
- Signs: Diastolic murmur at lower left sternal border (increased with inspiration), jugular venous distention
- Diagnosis: Echocardiography, cardiac catheterization
- Treatment: Medical management of symptoms, surgical valve repair or replacement (rarely needed)
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Tricuspid Regurgitation
Backflow of blood through the tricuspid valve
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Tricuspid Regurgitation
- Causes: Pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular dilation, endocarditis, rheumatic fever, carcinoid syndrome
- Symptoms: Peripheral edema, ascites, fatigue, pulsatile liver, abdominal discomfort
- Signs: Systolic murmur at lower left sternal border (increased with inspiration), jugular venous distention, hepatomegaly
- Diagnosis: Echocardiography, cardiac MRI, CT scan
- Treatment: Treat underlying cause, diuretics, sodium restriction, valve repair or replacement in severe cases
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Aortic Stenosis
Narrowing of the aortic valve opening
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Aortic Stenosis
- Causes: Age-related calcification, bicuspid aortic valve, rheumatic heart disease
- Symptoms: Syncope, angina, dyspnea, heart failure, sudden death
- Signs: Harsh systolic murmur, diminished S2, slow upstroke of carotid pulse
- Diagnosis: Echocardiography, stress testing, cardiac catheterization
- Treatment: Surgical valve replacement, transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
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Aortic Regurgitation
Backflow of blood through the aortic valve
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Aortic Regurgitation
- Causes: Aortic root dilation, endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, bicuspid valve
- Symptoms: Dyspnea, palpitations, angina, fatigue, orthopnea
- Signs: Early diastolic decrescendo murmur, widened pulse pressure, water-hammer pulse
- Diagnosis: Echocardiography, cardiac MRI, aortography
- Treatment: Medical therapy (ACE inhibitors, diuretics), surgical valve repair or replacement
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Pulmonary Stenosis
Narrowing of the pulmonary valve opening
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Pulmonary Stenosis
- Causes: Congenital heart defects, carcinoid syndrome, rheumatic fever
- Symptoms: Fatigue, shortness of breath, chest pain, syncope
- Signs: Systolic ejection murmur at the upper left sternal border, diminished P2
- Diagnosis: Echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, ECG
- Treatment: Balloon valvuloplasty, surgical valvotomy, valve replacement
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Pulmonary Regurgitation
Backflow of blood through the pulmonary valve
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Pulmonary Regurgitation
- Causes: Pulmonary hypertension, congenital heart defects, endocarditis, previous surgery
- Symptoms: Shortness of breath, fatigue, palpitations, exercise intolerance
- Signs: Diastolic murmur at the upper left sternal border, bounding pulmonary pulse
- Diagnosis: Echocardiography, cardiac MRI, cardiac catheterization
- Treatment: Medical management, surgical valve repair or replacement
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